The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a warning about a notable increase in cases of parvovirus B19, a highly contagious respiratory infection often referred to as the “fifth disease” or “slapped cheek” disease. The rise is particularly evident among young children in the United States, as reported by the CDC on Tuesday.
What is Parvovirus B19?
Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from individuals who may either exhibit symptoms or be asymptomatic. Although commonly associated with mild illness, it can pose serious risks to certain vulnerable populations.
Global and domestic trends
The CDC’s alert comes on the heels of observations from public health authorities in 14 European countries, who reported an unusually high number of parvovirus B19 cases during the first quarter of 2024. Despite these concerns, the United States currently lacks routine surveillance for parvovirus B19, and the infection is not classified as a notifiable condition, meaning it is not required to be reported to health authorities.
Symptoms and complications
As highlighted by Forbes, most parvovirus B19 infections are either asymptomatic or cause mild, flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and fever.
However, many patients experience a second stage of the illness characterized by the appearance of a distinctive facial rash, commonly known as the “slapped cheek” rash, which may be followed by joint pain, swelling, and a general body rash.
While most infections resolve on their own within a few weeks, there is no specific treatment for parvovirus B19 beyond managing symptoms. However, individuals with blood disorders or weakened immune systems are at risk of severe complications, including a significant and potentially fatal drop in blood cells, known as anaemia.
Contagion and prevention
According to the CDC, individuals are most contagious during the first few days of symptoms, which typically last about five days and include fever, muscle aches, and general malaise. Once the characteristic rash appears, it is generally considered safe to return to work or school, as the likelihood of being contagious diminishes.
The CDC advises the public to take standard respiratory precautions, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, washing hands thoroughly, cleaning frequently touched surfaces, and considering the use of masks when in close contact with others.
Currently, there are no vaccines available to prevent parvovirus B19 infection. As the number of parvovirus B19 cases continues to climb, particularly among young children, public health officials urge vigilance and adherence to preventive measures to mitigate the spread of this contagious virus.