The United States is facing growing concern from health experts as the H5N1 bird flu virus continues to spread rapidly through dairy farms across all 50 states. Since the outbreak began in March 2024, more than 1,000 dairy herds have been affected, and over 70 human infections have been reported—along with at least one confirmed death.
The Global Virus Network (GVN), a leading international coalition of virologists, has warned that the virus’s continued spread in mammals raises the risk of genetic mutations that could enable human-to-human transmission.
Calls for increased testing and vaccines
Experts are urging the federal government to strengthen surveillance systems, implement standardized testing protocols, and prioritize vaccine development for both animals and those working on farms.
“Understanding the current landscape of H5N1 infections is critical for effective prevention and response,” said Dr. Sten H. Vermund, Chief Medical Officer of the GVN and Dean of the USF Health College of Public Health at the University of South Florida.
“The virus’ ability to infect both animals and humans, combined with recent genetic changes, underscores the importance of proactive surveillance and rapid response measures.”
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CDC: Public risk still low but vigilance needed
Despite the alarming spread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to assess the risk to the general public as low. However, the agency emphasized the need for ongoing caution, especially among individuals who work closely with infected livestock.
The CDC noted that H5 bird flu is already widespread in wild birds globally and is now causing outbreaks in both U.S. poultry and dairy cows. Several human cases have been identified among dairy and poultry workers in the country.
Monitoring and surveillance
While no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been confirmed, the CDC is actively working with state authorities to track individuals exposed to infected animals. The agency is also leveraging its national bird flu surveillance systems to detect any signs of H5 activity in humans.
The situation continues to be monitored closely as health agencies stress the need for preparedness in case of further escalation.