The sun has officially entered its “solar maximum period,” a phase in the 11-year solar cycle marked by a surge in sunspots and increased solar activity. According to Jamie Favors, head of NASA’s Space Weather Program, this phase could have far-reaching effects on both Earth and the solar system. “This increase in activity provides an exciting opportunity to learn about our closest star,” Favors said, “but it also causes real effects on Earth and throughout our solar system.”
Understanding the solar maximum
The solar maximum represents the peak of the sun’s 11-year magnetic cycle, during which solar activity intensifies. At the height of this phase, the sun exhibits more sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
Occasionally, Earth’s magnetic North and South poles can even flip, an event that typically occurs every decade. Sunspots, visible as dark patches on the sun’s surface, are cooler areas that signal heightened solar activity. During the solar maximum, these sunspots become more frequent, signaling an increase in solar energy releases.
Geomagnetic storms and their impact on Earth
The solar maximum’s impact on Earth is significant. Solar flares and CMEs can unleash charged particles that interact with Earth’s magnetic field, triggering geomagnetic storms. These storms can disrupt satellite communications, GPS signals, and even power grids.
While solar maximum has already begun, the exact month when solar activity will peak remains uncertain. “The month that solar activity peaks on the Sun will not be identified for months or years,” explained Elsayed Talaat, director of space weather operations at the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).
Recent solar activity and what to expect
In recent months, scientists have observed increased solar activity, including enhanced aurora visibility and impacts on satellite systems. In May, a series of solar flares and CMEs triggered the strongest geomagnetic storm seen on Earth in two decades.
As the solar maximum continues, experts expect more frequent solar and geomagnetic storms, which could lead to more visible auroras and further disruptions to technology.
Both NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are ramping up their space weather research and prediction capabilities to better understand and mitigate these effects. The next few years could bring both fascinating scientific discoveries and significant challenges as we learn more about the sun’s influence on our planet.